title: Anti Disassembly Techniques date: 2021-01-13 categories: [cheatsheets]

tags: [security, reverse-engineering]

Anti Disassembly

2 Types of Disassembly Algorithms

Linear Disassembly
Flow-oriented Disassembly

Linear Disassembly

Have Problems distinguish between Code & DATA
Disassemble the complete .text section
often contanis wrong disassembly (even in non-malicious code)
iterates blindly over buffer

Flow-Oriented Disassembly

used by commercial products
the disassembler follows the Jmp's and only disassembles locations that are reached in the code

Anti Disassembly Techniques

Jump-Same-Target

Two conditional jumps are made to the same location
the first byte after the location
define the NOP byte as a byte-constant: eg 0xe8 (call-instruction)

_start:

	push ebp
	mov ebp, esp
	xor eax, eax
	jz jump+1
	jnz jump+1

jump:
	nop
	push eax
	push ebx
	push ecx

Result in BinaryNinja: Interprets the 0xe8 as call instruction, still continues the correct execution! No result in IDA Pro.

Jump with Constant Condition

use a conditional jump with a constant condition
will insert a call instruction
disassembler disassembles the else-branch first.
Working for BinaryNinja
Not working for IDA Pro

_start:
	push ebp
	mov ebp, esp
	xor eax, eax
	jz jump
	nop 		; define this as 0xe8
jump:
	push eax
	push ebx
	push ecx

Impossible Disassembly

One Byte is together in two instructions

          inc eax
          -----
hex:   EB FF C0 48
       -----    **
instr: jmp-1    dec eax

the EBB FF jumps in the middle of the jump instruction, therefor being FF C0 the next instruction (inc eax)
then 48 as dec eax
Works in IDA Pro
Binary Ninja can disassembly this
simply insert "EB FF C0 48" at any position
like a complicated NOP-Instruction

section .text
	global _start

_start:

	push ebp
	mov ebp, esp
	jmp $-1     ; change sec. Byte to FF
	nop     	; change to 0xC0
	dec eax

	; do your stuff here
	push eax
	push ebx
	push ecx

also possible even more complex
replace 9 nop bytes with: 66 B8 EB 05 31 C0 74 FA E8
Binary Ninja gets it!, IDA Pro Not

Function Pointers

using function pointers in following way

mov [ebp+0x8], offset sub_12342
push 0x1
push 0x2
call [ebp+0x8]
...
..
..
call [ebp+0x8]

Problem: only first call can be found in the xref Window
in combination with other anti-dissass. techniques very powerfull
should be used extensivly to be effective

Return Pointer Abuse

Retn or Ret pops a value from the stack and jumps to it
can be abused to confuse disassemblers

call $+5 			 ; pushes next addr on the stack
add [esp+4+var_4], 5 ; add 5 to the stack (-> So the address points to the 'real function')
retn
---------------------------------
push ebp		; real function, not found by IDA pro because of the return instruction
mov ebp, esp
...
..
.

Misusing Structed Exception Handlers (SEH)

Use the SEH to confuse Disassemblers
add a custom SE Handler at fs:0x00 with ```C ; malicious func @ sub_deadbeef mov eax, sub_deadbeef push eax ; push handler addr on stack push dword ptr fs:0 ; push current old handler ptr on stack (prev) mov fs:0, esp ; set the stack pointer as SEH_STRUCT

xor ecx, ecx div exc ; force an exception by dividing by zero

```

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